NAME
ls - List directory
contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]...
[FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information
about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory
arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries
starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each
file
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with
-lt: sort by, and show, ctime
(time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise:
sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to ‘always’ or can be ‘never’
or ‘auto’. More info below
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of
contents, and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of
*/=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append ‘*’
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal
-x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but
do not list owner
--group-directories-first group
directories before files.
augment with a
--sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don’t print
group names
-h, --human-readable with
-l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H,
--dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the
command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic
link that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell
PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each
file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching
shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing
file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of
entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user
and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don’t
treat e.g. control characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p,
--indicator-style=slash append /
indicator to directories
-q,
--hide-control-chars print ?
instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is
(default unless program is ‘ls’ and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double
quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each
file, in blocks
-S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none
-U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD
with -l,
show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
-u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style
STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1
applies to non-recent
files and FORMAT2
to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with
‘posix-’,
STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS
instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory
order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within
text
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of
current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by
columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1
list one file per line SELinux options:
--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide
for most displays.
-Z, --context Display security context so it
fits on most displays. Displays only
mode, user, group, security context and file name.
--scontext Display only security context and
file name.
--help display this
help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may
be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB
1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for
G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Using color
to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto,
ls emits color codes
only when standard
output is connected to a terminal. The
LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the
dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access
subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access
command-line argument).
AUTHOR
Written by Richard M.
Stallman and David MacKenzie.
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