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RedhatEnterpriseLinux Blog

The Power of ls Command


NAME
       ls - List directory contents
SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
       List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort entries alphabetically   if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
       -a, --all                             do not ignore entries starting with .
       -A, --almost-all                 do not list implied . and ..
       --author                             with -l, print the author of each file
       -b, --escape                       print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
       --block-size=SIZE                use SIZE-byte blocks.  See SIZE format below
       -B, --ignore-backups          do not list implied entries ending with ~
       -c     with  -lt: sort by,       and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with  -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime
       -C     list entries by columns
  --color[=WHEN]                     colorize the output.  WHEN defaults to ‘always’ or can be ‘never’ or ‘auto’.  More info below
       -d, --directory                    list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links
       -D, --dired                                     generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode
       -f     do not sort,               enable -aU, disable -ls --color
       -F, --classify                       append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
       --file-type                                      likewise, except do not append ‘*’
       --format=WORD                across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
       --full-time                          like -l --time-style=full-iso
       -g     like -l,                       but do not list owner
       --group-directories-first   group directories before files.
              augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
       -G, --no-group                  in a long listing, don’t print group names
       -h, --human-readable     with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
      --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
       -H, --dereference-command-line                             follow symbolic links listed on the command line
       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir            follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory
       --hide=PATTERN              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)
       --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
       -i, --inode                            print the index number of each file
       -I, --ignore=PATTERN          do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
       -k     like --block-size=1K
       -l     use a long listing format
       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for  the  link itself
       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
       -n, --numeric-uid-gid           like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal                                  print raw entry names (don’t treat e.g. control characters specially)
       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
       -p, --indicator-style=slash   append / indicator to directories
       -q, --hide-control-chars       print ? instead of non graphic characters
       --show-control-chars           show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is ‘ls’ and output is a terminal)
       -Q, --quote-name               enclose entry names in double quotes
       --quoting-style=WORD      use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
       -r, --reverse                        reverse order while sorting
       -R, --recursive                    list subdirectories recursively
       -s, --size                              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
       -S     sort by file size  --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
       --time=WORD
              with  -l,  show  time  as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time
       --time-style=STYLE             with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if  FORMAT
              is  FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,  FORMAT1  applies  to  non-recent  files  and  FORMAT2  to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with
              ‘posix-’, STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
       -t     sort by modification time
       -T, --tabsize=COLS              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
       -w, --width=COLS              assume screen width instead of current value
       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
       -1     list one file per line SELinux options:
       --lcontext             Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context                Display security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
       --scontext             Display only security context and file name.
       --help display this help and exit
       --version               output version information and exit
       SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on  for
       G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
       Using  color  to  distinguish  file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes
      only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the  dircolors command to set it.
   Exit status:
       0      if OK,
       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

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My name is Abdul Razaq but people call me Raziq. Here is my home page: www.redhatenterpriselinux.blogspot.com I live in Quetta, Pakistan and work as an IT-Engineer.